Medicine in Evolution is a recognized, peer-reviewed, open access publication dedicated to the dissemination of original theoretical research across the interdisciplinary spectrum of medicine and healthcare, encompassing a wide array of topics within the realms of human life science, medical community, dental medicine and pharmacology. Original research papers, communications, letters, short notes, case reports, and reviews are all warmly welcomed for submission. Its commitment lies in conducting thorough peer reviews, facilitating swift publication of groundbreaking research. We strongly encourage authors to present their experimental and theoretical findings with meticulous detail. The submission of theoretical papers should include comprehensive proofs to facilitate verification, while experimental papers should provide thorough experimental procedures to ensure reproducibility. Authors are also encouraged to deposit supplementary materials such as electronic files or software containing detailed calculations and experimental procedures alongside their publications. The objectives of the journal are aligned with the vision of the World Health Organization, the International Dental Federation, fitting seamlessly into the research strategy of Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara and the Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health. Topics of interest include, without being limited to, the following areas: medicine, dentistry, pharmaceutics. Detailed information about each topic can be found here. Indexing The journal is indexed by several organizations like Index Copernicus and Romanian UEFISCDI (B+).
Remineralization of Enamel White Spot Lesions Using Plant-Based Agents
1.Background/Objectives: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and results from the demineralization of dental hard tissues caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates. Early enamel lesions, known as white spot lesions (WSLs), represent the initial and potentially reversible stage of the caries process. Although fluoride is considered the gold standard for remineralization therapy, increasing attention has been directed toward natural plant-derived agents with antimicrobial and bioactive properties. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts compared with sodium fluoride on artificially induced enamel white spot lesions using laser fluorescence. 2. Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10): ginger extract, rosemary extract, and sodium fluoride varnish. Artificial enamel lesions were induced using 37.5% orthophosphoric acid. Laser fluorescence values were measured with a DIAGNOdent device at baseline (T0), after demineralization (T1), and after 10 days of remineralization treatment (T2). 3.Results: DIAGNOdent values increased after demineralization, confirming successful lesion formation, and decreased after treatment in all groups. The greatest reduction was observed in the ginger extract group. 4. Conclusion: Plant-based agents demonstrated remineralizing potential on early enamel lesions, with ginger extract showing the most promising effect as a possible complementary alternative to fluoride-based therapies
Periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, biomechanics, inflammation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanessa Bolchis, Lucian Floare, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Octavia Balean, Ramona Dumitrescu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Nozzle Diameter on the Dimensional Accuracy of FDM-Printed Dental Models
Additive manufacturing has become an integral component of the digital workflow in dentistry. Among available technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) offers a cost-effective alternative for producing dental models, although concerns remain regarding dimensional accuracy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nozzle diameter and dental arch morphology on the dimensional accuracy of FDM-printed dental models. Reference STL datasets representing ideal maxillary and mandibular arches were printed using a Bambu Lab X1 Carbon printer with two nozzle diameters (0.2 mm and 0.4 mm) in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 40). Dimensional accuracy was assessed using Root Mean Square (RMS) deviation obtained through 3D surface comparison. Models printed with the 0.2 mm nozzle demonstrated significantly lower RMS deviations compared with those printed using the 0.4 mm nozzle. Additionally, mandibular models exhibited higher dimensional stability than maxillary models. These findings indicate that smaller nozzle diameters can improve the accuracy of FDM-printed dental models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marius Ciprian Manole, Alexandru Victor Burde, Alexandru Grecu, Mihaela Hedesiu, Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dimensional Accuracy of Dental Models Printed with Different Resins Using a Low-Cost LCD 3D Printer
This in vitro study investigated the influence of resin formulation on the dimensional accuracy of dental models fabricated using a consumer-grade LCD 3D printer. Thirty full-arch models (n = 10 per group) were printed with three resins: Water-Washable, Ortho Model, and Study Model. All specimens were produced at 50 µm layer height and analyzed using an inEos X5 scanner and Geomagic Control 2014 software. Trueness was quantified using Root Mean Square (RMS) deviation values. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of resin type (F(2,27) = 9.53, p = 0.0007). The water-washable resin showed the lowest mean RMS deviation (109.0 ± 13.8 µm). All materials remained within clinically acceptable limits (<250 µm). Resin selection influences accuracy when using consumer-grade LCD printing systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexandru Victor Burde, Marius Ciprian Manole, Sorana Baciu, Sabina Gabriela Cretu, Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unilateral Focused Parathyroidectomy versus Bilateral Neck Exploration in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Retrospective Cohort Study
1.Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is cured by parathyroidectomy. Bilateral neck exploration (BNE) has been the historical standard, whereas improved preoperative imaging and intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring support unilateral focused parathyroidectomy (UFP) in selected patients. This study compared UFP and BNE. 2. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of adults undergoing initial surgery for sporadic pHPT between 2012 and 2023 with ≥6 months follow-up. Diagnosis was biochemical (hypercalcemia with inappropriately high/unsuppressed PTH). Localization used cervical ultrasound and technetium-99m sestamibi; IOPTH (Miami criterion) was used when available to confirm adequate resection and prompt conversion to wider exploration if needed. 3. Results: Of 84 operated patients, 72 met inclusion criteria (mean age 51.9±14.1 years; 77.8% female). UFP was performed as the first operation in 54 patients (75%) and BNE in 18 (25%). Pathology revealed single adenoma in 66 cases (91.7%), multiple adenomas in 3 (4.2%), and hyperplasia in 3 (4.2%). Eight patients (11.1%) required reoperation, and recurrent disease without further surgery occurred in 2 (2.8%). One patient later developed parathyroid carcinoma with bone metastasis and died. 4. Conclusions: In a cohort largely characterized by single-gland disease, UFP was the predominant approach with low clinical recurrence; BNE remained essential for non-localizing or complex disease.
Primary hyperparathyroidism; Unilateral focused parathyroidectomy; Bilateral neck exploration; Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring; Parathyroid adenoma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adina Coman, Daian Ionel Popa, Diana Utu, Florina Buleu, Mihaela Avram, Marius Murariu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Retrospective Analysis of Endodontic and Extraction Risk after Orthodontic Treatment
1.Background/Objectives: To evaluate the risk of root canal therapy and tooth extraction in anterior teeth following orthodontic treatment in adolescents. 2. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed electronic dental records of 186 patients. Permanent anterior teeth (maxillary #6–11, mandibular #22–27) were followed longitudinally. Adverse outcomes included endodontic treatment or tooth extraction. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used, with orthodontic treatment modeled as a time-dependent variable. 3. Results: The mean age at treatment initiation was 12.93 ± 1.64 years. Root canal therapy occurred in 3.0% of anterior teeth and extractions in 0.1%. Maxillary central incisors showed the highest failure rate (12.2%) and the lowest 10-year survival (82.04%). Overall survival was 99.52% at 1 year, 97.59% at 5 years, and 95.20% at 10 years. Female patients had a lower risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.66, p < 0.001). Orthodontic treatment did not significantly increase overall risk, although a temporary increase in root canal therapy was observed 2–3 years after treatment initiation. 4. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment in adolescents does not significantly increase severe adverse outcomes in anterior teeth, supporting its clinical safety.
Orthodontic treatment; Malocclusion; Root canal therapy; Tooth extraction; Anterior teeth; Dental trauma; Tooth survival
Copyright (c) 2026 Remus Christian Bratu, Sorana-Maria Bucur, George Popa, Dana Cristina Bratu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alveolar Bone Response to Controlled Orthodontic Maxillary Incisor Vestibularization
1.Background/Objectives: Orthodontic proclination of retroclined maxillary incisors is frequently required for functional and esthetic correction; however, excessive movement may exceed the biological limits of the alveolar housing and compromise periodontal health. Understanding alveolar bone remodeling in response to controlled incisor vestibularization is essential for safe orthodontic planning. This study aimed to evaluate changes in labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness (ABT) assocoated with maxillary incisor proclination and to correlate these changes with dental movements and skeletal stability. 2.Methods: Nineteen patients presenting with retroclined maxillary incisors underwent orthodontic treatment involving controlled incisor vestibularization. Cephalometric and CBCT-derived measurements were standardized using the SN–7° reference plane and perpendicular orientation to the incisor long axis (⊥U1). ABT was assessed at the cementoenamel junction, 3 mm, and 6 mm apical levels on both labial and lingual surfaces. Dental and skeletal parameters including U1–SN, U1–NA, L1–NB, and SN–MP were recorded pre- and post-treatment. Paired statistical comparisons were performed. 3. 3. Results: Maxillary incisor proclination increased significantly, as demonstrated by substantial rises in U1–SN and U1–NA values. Labial alveolar bone thickness showed significant increases at mid-root and apical levels, indicating adaptive bone apposition on the tension side. In contrast, lingual ABT decreased significantly at corresponding levels, reflecting pressure-side resorption. No significant changes were observed in skeletal parameters, confirming predominantly dentoalveolar effects. Crestal bone thickness remained stable, suggesting a low periodontal risk. 4. Conclusions: Controlled vestibularization of retroclined maxillary incisors induces predictable alveolar remodeling characterized by labial bone apposition and lingual resorption without compromising skeletal balance or crestal periodontal support. When performed within biological limits, incisor proclination appears to be a safe and effective orthodontic strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sorana-Maria Bucur, Dana Cristina Bratu, Remus Christian Bratu, Mariana Păcurar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biomechanical Strategies and Compliance Monitoring for Orthodontic Treatment in Periodontally Compromised Adults
Background: Orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced periodontal support requires interdisciplinary sequencing and strict plaque control; however, heterogeneity of periodontal phenotypes, biomechanics, and adjunctive therapies makes standardized clinical outcome evaluation challenging. This study therefore prioritised clinical compliance and cooperation as key modifiable determinants of safe treatment delivery. Objective: To assess patient cooperation during late active orthodontic therapy and clinical compliance during early retention in adults with stage I–II periodontitis. Materials and methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in 25 adults (17 women, 8 men; 29–51 years) diagnosed with stage I–II periodontitis. Following periodontal stabilisation (non-surgical therapy in all cases; adjunctive periodontal surgery in 12%), orthodontic treatment was delivered using individualised, low-force biomechanics with periodic periodontal monitoring. Cooperation was assessed using the Orthodontic Patient Cooperation Scale (OPCS). Compliance during retention was assessed using a Clinical Compliance Evaluation (CCE) form at 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after transition to retention. Non-parametric tests were used to compare timepoints and sex-based differences. Results: Women showed higher compliance scores for motivation/enthusiasm and fewer complaints about wearing appliances. CCE total scores improved significantly from T1 to T2 (86.20±14.73 vs 96.20±2.96; p=0.001), with a concurrent improvement in the oral hygiene subscore (23.12±1.64 vs 23.60±0.82; p=0.010). Conclusions: Structured compliance monitoring can support adherence during retention in periodontitis-susceptible adults undergoing orthodontic treatment. Larger controlled studies integrating standardised periodontal endpoints are required to clarify how compliance trajectories translate into long-term periodontal stability and orthodontic outcomes.
periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, patient compliance, cooperation, retention, interdisciplinary care
Copyright (c) 2026 Irina Zumbreanu, Valentina Trifan, Sorana Nicoleta Roșu , Daniela Trifan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Skeletal Class II Malocclusions with Different Vertical Growth Patterns on the Upper Airway
1.Background/Objectives: Considering the clinical relevance of malocclusion in dentistry, the main objective of this study is to assess the changes in the upper airway dimensions in patients with skeletal Class II and a normodivergent growth pattern compared with those with skeletal Class II and a hyperdivergent growth pattern.2.Methods: This observational comparative study was conducted on lateral cephalograms and cephalometric analyses of 52 subjects obtained at the Dentavis imaging center in Timișoara. The sample was divided into two groups of n=25 and n=27 subjects, respectively: Group 1 included subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a normodivergent growth pattern, whereas Group 2 comprised subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a hyperdivergent growth pattern. 3.Results: In Group 2, the mean length of the upper pharyngeal airway was 3.68 mm smaller than the corresponding mean value in Group 1 (p<0.001), indicating that subjects with skeletal Class II and a hyperdivergent vertical growth pattern present a significantly more constricted upper pharyngeal airway compared with those with skeletal Class II and a normodivergent pattern. 4.Conclusion: Initiating orthodontic treatment would modify the cephalometric measurements and mandibular rotation, leading to an increase in upper airway dimensions and an improvement in respiratory function.
Upper pharyngeal airways, class II malocclusions, vertical growth pattern
Copyright (c) 2025 Mălina Popa, Ștefania Dinu, Cristina-Fulga Lazăr, Andreea Igna, Robert-Paul Avrămuț, Roxana-Maria Talpoș-Niculescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Icon Resin Infiltration and Clinpro XT Varnish on the Remineralization of Enamel White Spot Lesions: An in Vitro Study
1.Background: The aim of this research is to investigate microscopically the behavior of two materials, Clinpro XT Varnish and Icon Vestibular, on the surfaces of teeth with chalky white lesions induced by 37% phosphoric acid. Microscopic evaluation is performed based on different degrees of penetration and infiltration. 2.Methods: The materials tested in this study were Icon – Vestibular DMG (LOT 281473) and 3M ESPE Clinpro XT – Varnish (LOT 9703392).3.Results: Phosphoric acid demineralizes the superficial enamel layer, exposing prisms and hydroxyapatite crystals, and generating a rough surface with uniform etching patterns visible at different magnifications, which favor the adhesion of restorative materials. The use of the infiltrant resin Icon fills microcracks and interprismatic spaces, integrating the enamel prisms into a compact, smooth mass that stabilizes the enamel structure and prevents the progression of demineralization. SEM images show that the varnish forms a thin, relatively uniform film on the enamel, but with small discontinuities and uncovered areas, indicating a less effective seal and protection compared with Icon. 4.Conclusion: The integration of materials such as Icon and fluoride varnishes makes it possible to postpone invasive restorative treatments and is particularly useful in the management of white spots, while maintaining the structural integrity of the teeth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sorana Nicoleta Rosu, Ioan Alexandru Simerea, Malina Popa, Anamaria Matichescu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Internal Fit of Cobalt–Chromium Metal–Ceramic Crowns Fabricated by Conventional Casting and Selective Laser Sintering: An In Vitro Comparison of Three Measurement Techniques
1.Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the internal fit of cobalt-chromium metal-ceramic single crowns fabricated through conventional casting versus selective laser sintering (SLS), and to determinate the relative accuracy of three internal space measurement techniques. 2.Methods: A standardized CAD design of a maxillary first molar was used to create two metal frameworks, one produced by was-pattern milling followed by casting and the other by SLS. Internal fit was assessed before and after ceramic firing using methods: differential micrometer measurements on frameworks with and without impression material, direct micrometer readings of detached silicons replicas, and digital microscopy of sectioned silicone specimens. 3.Results: All methods revealed measurable differences in internal adaptation between the cast and SLS crown. Digital microscopy offered the highest precision and consistency, while micrometer-based techniques showed greater operator- dependent variability and were influenced by the elastic behaviour of the silicone impression material. Ceramic firing did not introduce clinically relevant changes in internal space. 4. Conclusions: Within the limitation of the study, conventionally cast frameworks demonstrated a more favourable internal fit than SLS frameworks, and digital microscopy proved to be the most reliable method for evaluating internal adaptation in metal-ceramic crowns.
metal-ceramic crowns; internal fit; CAD/CAM, prosthodontics; selective laser sintering
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela-Maria Pop, Lucian Floare, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Tareq Hajaj, Boris Dusan Caplar, Lavinia Simona Florea, Cristian Zaharia, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Redefining Digital Precision: How Scanning Technique Shapes the Quality of Intraoral Impressions
Abstract Background/Objectives: Digital dentistry increasingly relies on intraoral scanners to capture full-arch impressions, yet the influence of scanning technique on the accuracy and efficiency of digital models remains insufficiently clarified. This study compared several scanning strategies—varying in segmentation and scanner motion patterns—to determine which protocols yield the highest precision and operational efficiency. Methods: Ten participants underwent full-arch intraoral scanning using seven techniques that combined different segment divisions (one, two, or three segments) with motion types (linear, zig-zag, or combined). Accuracy was assessed by superimposing STL files of each scan onto a reference model using CloudCompare and calculating point-to-point 3D deviations. Efficiency was evaluated based on the number of digital images generated and the total scanning time measured by software and a stopwatch. Results: For the maxillary arch, the most accurate technique was a single-segment zig-zag scan; for mandibular arch accuracy, it was a two-segment linear approach. The motion that produced the shortest scanning time was zig-zag, while that which required the least number of digital records was the two-segment linear scan. Combined-motion and three-segment strategies had the lowest accuracy as well as efficiency. Conclusions: Scanning techniques employing single uniform motion with minimum segmentation provide the best balance between accuracy and efficiency. Over-segmentation along with combined motions reduces the quality of the scan and increases the duration for scanning, thereby emphasizing a simple yet consistent path in clinical practice.
accuracy; CloudCompare; digital dentistry; efficiency; full-arch scan; intraoral scanner; scanning strategy; 3D analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Camelia-Alexandrina Szuhanek, Iana Grigoreac, Andra-Alexandra Stăncioiu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Sorana Rosu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D Facial Scanning Technologies - Comparative Analysis of Three Modern Three-Dimensional Acquisition Systems
1.Background: Three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning technologies have advanced rapidly, offering new possibilities for clinical, engineering, and educational applications. However, performance varies substantially across mobile, portable, and professional systems, and a direct comparison using standardized acquisition protocols is essential for determining their suitability in medical practice. 2.Methods: Eight healthy adults (20–25 years old) were scanned using three technologies representing different levels of complexity: the iPhone LiDAR sensor with Qlone, the CR-Scan Ferret structured-light scanner, and the professional ProMax 3D Mid ProFace system. All participants were scanned under controlled conditions, maintaining identical positioning and acquisition procedures. Raw data were processed using each system’s dedicated software and analyzed comparatively with respect to geometric accuracy, texture quality, model completeness, artifacts, processing workflow, and cost–performance ratio. 3.Results: The iPhone LiDAR system produced the least accurate models, characterized by surface discontinuities, loss of fine anatomical detail, and low-resolution texture. The CR-Scan Ferret achieved higher geometric fidelity and more coherent color mapping but remained sensitive to lighting conditions and operator stability. The ProMax 3D Mid ProFace system generated the most complete, consistent, and photorealistic models, with minimal artifacts and fully automated processing. These differences reflect the technological capabilities of each device category. 4.Conclusions: The findings confirm that no single scanning technology is universally optimal. Mobile systems are suitable for rapid, non-clinical, or educational applications; portable structured-light scanners offer a balance between accuracy and accessibility; and professional systems remain the gold standard for advanced clinical environments requiring high precision.
3D facial scanning; LiDAR; structured light scanning; ProMax 3D Mid ProFace; CR-Scan Ferret; photogrammetry; 3D reconstruction; medical imaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raluca Todor, Tareq Hajaj, Cristian Zaharia, Doina Chioran, Cristina Modiga Modiga, Emanuela Lidia Petrescu, Meda-Lavinia Negrutiu, Cosmin Sinescu, Andreea-Codruta Novac Novac (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Mouthwashes on Biofilm Formed on Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol–Based Orthodontic Template Aligner Materials
Orthodontic template aligners used for attachment bonding are thermoformed polymeric materials that may act as vectors for microbial contamination despite their short intraoral use. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of seven mouthwash solutions on biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans on a polyethylene terephthalate glycol–based template aligner material. After 24 h biofilm formation, samples were exposed to the tested mouthwashes for 1 min and microbial viability was assessed by optical density measurements. The solution containing fluoride and cetylpyridinium chloride showed the highest antibacterial activity, while the essential oil–based formulation exhibited the strongest antifungal effect. In contrast, fluoride-only solutions showed reduced efficacy, and one plant-based formulation demonstrated a slight stimulatory effect on Candida albicans. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial performance of mouthwashes on template aligner materials depends primarily on their chemical composition rather than fluoride content alone.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlad-Tiberiu Alexa, Stefania Dinu, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Victor Emil Alexa, Ramona Dumitrescu, Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Atena Galuscan, Sorana Nicoleta Roșu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accuracy of CEREC Shade Analysis and Lightroom-Based Photographic Evaluation Compared with a Spectrophotometer: A Pilot In Vivo Study
Accurate shade determination remains a key factor in the esthetic success of fixed restorations. This pilot in vivo study evaluated the accuracy of dental color assessment performed by two digital methods—CEREC Shade Analysis and Lightroom-based analysis of calibrated intraoral photographs—compared with a spectrophotometric reference (Vita Easyshade Compact). Four healthy volunteers (80 teeth) were evaluated at the cervical, middle, and incisal thirds, and measured using Vita Classical, Vita 3D-Master, and CIELAB systems. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used for spectrophotometer–CEREC comparison, and an unequal variance t-test was used for spectrophotometer–Lightroom comparison (α = 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between CEREC and Vita Easyshade in all regions except the middle third of the Vita Classical system (p = 0.76). Lightroom-based analysis showed clinically relevant deviations for L* and a* (p < 0.001), while b* values were comparable (p = 0.24). Within the limitations of this pilot study, both CEREC and Lightroom analysis demonstrated lower accuracy than spectrophotometry. These findings suggest that digital shade detection methods may be useful as adjunctive tools but currently require spectrophotometric verification for definitive color selection in restorative dentistry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cezar Lăzărescu, Smaranda Buduru, Marius Negucioiu, Andreea Kui, Roxana Buzatu, Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Histological Analysis of Normal and Supernumerary Teeth: Clinical and Morphological Implications
This study aims to highlight the histological differences between normal (temporary and permanent) teeth and supernumerary teeth by analyzing enamel, the pulpo-dentin complex, and cementum. Through comparative microscopy of prepared histological slides, the research identifies microstructural peculiarities that may support a better understanding of the development, diagnosis, and management of dental number anomalies. This study involved histological analysis of 12 permanent preparations obtained from supernumerary, temporary, and permanent teeth, aiming to highlight the microstructural differences between normal and supernumerary dentition. Clinical cases and laboratory protocols, including decalcification, paraffin embedding, microtomy, and hematoxylin-eosin staining, allowed detailed observation of enamel prism organization, dentin tubule arrangement, and cementum characteristics. Histological comparison revealed that supernumerary teeth exhibit significant structural deviations, including atypical enamel prism orientation, reduced dentinal tubule density with frequent interglobular spaces, and a poorly differentiated cementum. These anomalies suggest incomplete mineralization and altered tissue development, potentially linked to the frequent impaction and limited functional integration of supernumerary teeth. Supernumerary teeth, although not pathological entities per se, can disrupt the harmony of the dento-maxillary system, affecting eruption, bone development, and dental aesthetics. Histologically, they exhibit morpho-structural hypodifferentiation, with disorganized enamel, reduced dentinal tubules, and imprecise cementum stratification, indicating a lower functional potential. These findings support the importance of histological evaluation in treatment planning and justify a conservative, individualized therapeutic approach based on both structural integrity and functional prognosis.
Supernumerary teeth;Histological analysis;Mineralization defects;Dento-maxillary anomalies
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinu Ștefania , Laura-Cristina Rusu, Iulia Muntean, Șerban Talpoș Niculescu , Dorin Cristian Dinu, Diana- Nicoleta Gheața, Diana Florina Nica, Cristina Fulga Lazăr, Mălina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Oral Hygiene Products and Their Impact on Oral Health
1.Background/Objectives: Oral hygiene plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance within the oral cavity. Salivary pH is a key functional marker, closely linked to enamel demineralization–remineralization dynamics and microbial homeostasis. The study aimed to compare the influence of two oral hygiene regimens-using Elmex Anti-Caries Professional toothpaste alone versus its combination with alcohol-free Listerine Coolmint mouthwash-on salivary pH values in young adults. 2.Methods: A controlled crossover design was applied to 30 participants aged 20–30 years. Saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions at 30 minutes and 2 hours after toothbrushing with Elmex toothpaste (Day 1) and after toothbrushing followed by mouthrinse with Listerine Coolmint (Day 2). Salivary pH was assessed using the Saliva Check Buffer kit, which provides semi-quantitative values in 0.5-unit intervals. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.3.Results: Toothbrushing alone maintained salivary pH mostly in the physiological range of 6.5–7.0, while the combined regimen produced a significant alkalinizing effect, with values shifting towards 7.0–7.5 at both time points. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between the two protocols (p < 0.001).4.Conclusion: The combined use of fluoridated toothpaste and alcohol-free antiseptic mouthwash enhances salivary pH stability compared with toothbrushing alone, supporting remineralization and reducing acidogenic bacterial activity. These findings provide evidence-based support for integrating complementary oral hygiene products into daily preventive protocols, especially in young adults at increased risk for caries.
Salivary pH, Oral hygiene, Fluoride toothpaste, Mouthwash
Copyright (c) 2025 Iulia Muntean, Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ștefania Dinu, Șerban Talpoș Niculescu, Daniela Trotea (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Oral Health on Quality of Life in Young Adults: A Public Health Perspective
1.Background/Objectives: Oral health plays an increasingly vital role in overall health and well-being. 2.Methods: This cross-sectional design evaluated the impact of oral health on quality of life in adolescents and young adults. The study was conducted using a validated psychometric tool — the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) questionnaire — which captures the self-perceived effect of oral conditions on various daily functions. Participants were recruited from a general adolescent and young adult population via online distribution channels. The target demographic included individuals aged approximately 14–25 years, either attending secondary school or university. The survey was administered using Google Forms platform, ensuring accessibility across various devices. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and anonymity was guaranteed. Submission of the completed form was considered an expression of informed consent, in accordance with ethical research standards. Collected data were processed using Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics determined central tendency (mean, median), dispersion (standard deviation, range), and item-specific frequency distributions. 3.Results: The study included a total of 76 participants, aged between 14 and 25 years. All participants completed the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) questionnaire. Each respondent rated the frequency of 15 oral health-related impacts on a 0–4 scale. The mean OIDP Score among the group was 11.37, with scores ranging from 1 to 30, indicating a moderate burden of oral health on daily life activities across the sample. The difference between the psychosocial and appearance domains was the only one reaching statistical significance, suggesting that aesthetic and emotional concerns may affect participants differently and deserve further study in a larger sample. 4.Conclusion: the findings from this study emphasize the importance of viewing oral health through a biopsychosocial lens, especially in adolescent and young adult populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Vlad Alexa, Vanessa Bolchis, Delia Abrudan Luca, Lucian Floare, Malina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond The White Smile: In Vitro Insights into Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching by Confocal Microscopy
1.Background/Objectives: Tooth bleaching with carbamide peroxide (CP) is one of the most common aesthetic procedures in modern dentistry, yet its effects on enamel ultrastructure remain a matter of concern. This in vitro study aimed to qualitatively assess microstructural changes in human enamel following in-office bleaching with two professional CP formulations—Opalescence Quick 45% and Pola Office+ 37.5%—in accordance with ISO 28399:2021 guidelines. 2.Methods: Forty extracted human molars and premolars were sectioned to obtain paired specimens, with one half treated and the other serving as control. Bleaching protocols were performed under standardized conditions, and samples were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM) with three-dimensional reconstruction to evaluate enamel prism organization, porosity, and dentinal tubule exposure. 3.Results: Both agents induced morphological alterations, including partial prism disorganization, increased porosity, and widening of interprismatic spaces. Opalescence Quick, with its higher CP concentration, produced more pronounced structural effects compared with Pola Office+, which exhibited a more moderate impact. Despite these changes, enamel integrity was not severely compromised. 4.Conclusion: These findings suggest that carbamide peroxide bleaching can be considered safe when performed under professional supervision, particularly when complemented with remineralizing strategies. Future studies should investigate long-term effects and interactions with restorative materials under clinical conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Ramona Dumitrescu, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Octavia Balean, Atena Galuscan, Malina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Salivary Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Dental Patients: A Pilot Study on Clinical and Behavioral Risk Correlates
Background/Objective: Oral infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a growing etiological factor in oropharyngeal cancer, often affecting individuals without traditional risk factors. Dentists may contribute to early detection through salivary screening and behavioral risk assessment. This pilot study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral HPV infection and its association with clinical and lifestyle variables in dental patients. Methods: Thirty adult patients attending routine dental visits were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Each underwent clinical oral examination, behavioral risk assessment (including smoking, alcohol use, and sexual history), and provided an unstimulated saliva sample. HPV DNA detection was performed using PCR, with genotyping for HPV16 and HPV18. Associations between HPV positivity and variables were analyzed using univariate tests and logistic regression. Results: HPV DNA was identified in 6 patients (20%), with high-risk genotypes detected in most cases. HPV positivity was associated with current smoking, poor oral hygiene, oral sexual practices, and presence of suspicious mucosal lesions. Logistic regression revealed oral lesions (OR = 19.17) and poor hygiene (OR = 7.00) as independent predictors. ROC analysis showed high model discrimination (AUC = 1.00). Conclusion: Salivary testing is feasible in dental settings and may assist in identifying patients at elevated risk for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. Integrating behavioral screening and salivary diagnostics in dentistry could improve early referral and prevention strategies. Larger studies are needed to refine predictive algorithms for routine use.
oral human papillomavirus (HPV); salivary diagnostics; oropharyngeal cancer; dental screening;
Copyright (c) 2025 Adela Hiller, George Andrei Drăghici , Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties in Contemporary Prosthetic Dental Materials: Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Hybrid Composites
Background/Objective: The choice of dental prosthesis material necessitates consideration of the compromise between strength, esthetics and long-term durability. Speakers claim that monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, and hybrid composites are the most popular materials with different mechanical and clinical properties. The present study was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of these three materials in vitro by standardised procedures in relation to seven factors important for prosthodontic use. Methods: Ninety rectangular specimens (n = 30 per group) were prepared from monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, and a CAD/CAM hybrid composite. The samples were tested for flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers microhardness, wear, surface roughness, fatigue survival (1.5 million cycles) and marginal adaptation. ​). For reliability of zirconia, the Weibull modulus (m = 14.2) was shown to be higher than the hybrid group. Conclusion: All three materials provide specific clinical benefits. Zirconia is best suited for rear and high-stool restorations, lithium dislikes for anterior and asthetic operated cases, and hybrid composite for temporary or minimal invasive applications. Understanding the mechanical behavior of each material is necessary for evidence-based artificial decision making and improvement in long-term clinical results.
zirconia, lithium disilicate, hybrid composite
Copyright (c) 2025 Sorin Gheorghe Mihali, Adela Hiller (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Internal Thoracic Artery: An Anatomical Narrative Review
The internal thoracic artery (ITA) is a paired vessel originating from the first part of the subclavian artery, descending along the inner thoracic wall in close relation to the sternum. Owing to its reliable caliber, predictable course, and favorable long-term patency, the ITA plays a critical role in both clinical anatomy and surgical practice, particularly in coronary artery bypass grafting. This review synthesizes current anatomical knowledge of the ITA, emphasizing its origin, course, branching patterns, and collateral circulation. Variations in its trajectory, branching morphology, and termination are examined in detail, along with rare anomalies such as duplication and complete absence. Surgical relevance is addressed, with a focus on harvesting techniques, the impact of competitive flow, and strategies to manage side branches. Nomenclature is briefly discussed, noting the adoption of “internal thoracic artery” as the primary term. By integrating findings from cadaveric, radiological, and surgical studies, this review highlights the anatomical variability of the ITA and its implications for thoracic, cardiovascular, and reconstructive procedures. Understanding these variations is essential for optimizing surgical outcomes and reducing perioperative complications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Răzvan-Costin Tudose, Andreea Treteanu, Mugurel Constantin Rusu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Implications of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives in Cancer
1.Background/Objectives: Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) are widely used by women during their fertile years. Often, these pills are taken without medical advice, which can lead to certain unwanted effects. This class of medication has been studied over the years for its impact on various types of cancer. Since cancer is becoming an increasingly common condition, understanding the factors that contribute to its development is important for prevention. 2. Methods: This paper reviews recent literature from reputable sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. 3. Results: The review of the medical literature reported evidence about the risk of CHCs in developing breast and cervical cancer, and more, about the protective effect on ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. 4. Conclusion: This paper presents the risk/benefit balance of CHCs in terms of their impact on some cancerous pathologies. According to the analysis, we can state that CHCs are effective and even safe if administered appropriately and according to the recommendations of specialists, depending on the particularities of each patient.
Copyright (c) 2025 Florina Borozan, Alexandra Semenescu, Larisa Tomescu, Ioan Sas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Use of Dietary Supplements to Improve Physical and Sports Performance - Survey Study
Dietary supplements (DS) use among athletes to enhance endurance, strength and muscle recovery is a complex issue influenced by factors such as sport type, individual goals, access to nutritional information, and nutrition trends, with higher prevalence among elite performers. Despite their growing popularity and benign perception, scientific evidence regarding the safety, quality, and efficacy of DS remains insufficient. Therefore, the current study employed a questionnaire-based survey to assess Romanian athletes’ awareness and consumption behaviours, as well as potential adverse effects associated with DS use. Statistical analysis (chi-square test and Pearson test) was used to reveal relevant correlations among the examined variables, providing insight into usage patterns. The results highlight a high prevalence of DS consumption among young people and frequent reports of adverse reactions. Thus, educational interventions become essential to reduce potentially risky self-medication. The study revealed also the effectiveness of questionnaires as data collection tool among both amateur and competitive athletes, facilitating data-driven insights for enhancing athletic performance, promoting balanced lifestyles, and informing evidence-based guidance regarding the consumption of DS for both athletes and regulators.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oana Ramona Cătălina Gheorghiu , Daniela Mădălina Anghel, Anne-Marie Ciobanu, Claudia Maria Guțu , Ștefan Rohnean, Daniela Luiza Baconi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Ribes nigrum Leaf Extracts: A Study of Aqueous and Butanolic Fractions
Background: Ribes nigrum (black currants) are recognized for their outstanding biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer with a high mortality, for which various natural products have been investigated as alternatives that have emerged as potential candidates in the oncological domain. Methods: The present work involved the development of two types of Ribes nigrum leaves extracts (in aqueous and butanolic fractions), which were evaluated by the HPLC method and subsequently assessed for the antioxidant capacity, the antimicrobial activity, and in vitro cytotoxicity on the DLD-1 cell line. Results: The results indicated that both types of extracts contain amounts of polyphenols, the antioxidant activity of the extracts supports their potential as natural sources of free radical scavengers, antimicrobial evaluation showed that the extract in aqueous fraction produced a selective antimicrobial effect on gram-positive bacteria, and the MTT assay suggested that the extracts produced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with a superior effect noted for the extract in the butanolic fraction. Conclusion: These findings emphasized the biological potential of Ribes nigrum extracts due to their versatile composition and opened new research directions regarding their anticancer potential in CRC.
blackcurrants, Ribes nigrum, colorectal cancer, natural alternative, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity
Copyright (c) 2025 Oana-Adla Coman, Andreea Smeu, Alina Moacă, Delia Muntean, Ana-Maria Vlase, Laurian Vlase, Szilvia Toth, Andreea Vădan, Anca Stoica, Sergio Liga, Diana-Simona Tchiakpe-Antal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Halitosis: A Survey on the Knowledge and Perceptions of Dental Students
1.Background/Objectives: Currently, there is a lack of definitive data regarding the prevalence of halitosis. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental medicine students regarding halitosis, as well as to examine their approach to the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with this condition. 2.Methods: A total of 95 dental students were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study, conducted between February and June 2024. The data collection instrument consisted of a self-administered, structured questionnaire comprised of 14 questions. All items were mandatory, ensuring that every submission represented a complete data set for analysis. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles related to human subjects research, particularly concerning participant privacy, confidentiality, and data protection. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data, with a focus on calculating frequency distributions and percentages. 3.Results: Among fourth-year respondents, only 58.1% reported familiarity with the term. In comparison, a significantly higher proportion of fifth-year students—86.2%—indicated awareness of the condition. This trend continued in the sixth year, with 89.3% of students reporting familiarity with halitosis, suggesting a gradual increase in awareness as students advance through their academic training. When asked whether they had access to instruments or tools for diagnosing or managing halitosis. Among fourth-year respondents, 64.5% reported lacking such instruments, while 35.5% stated they had access. Fifth-year students reported a slightly more favorable ratio, with 41.4% indicating access to instruments and 58.6% reporting the opposite. Similarly, among sixth-year students, 42.9% had access to instruments, while 57.1% did not. 4. Conclusion: In conclusion, while the current study highlights encouraging improvements in dental students’ awareness and clinical exposure to halitosis over time, it also reveals critical gaps in theoretical knowledge and confidence in management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Ramona Dumitrescu, Octavia Balean Balean, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Ioan Alexandru Simerea, Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Commercial Determinants of Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review
The commercial determinants of oral health refer to the ways in which corporate activities, market forces, and economic policies influence oral health outcomes. Key industries, including the food and beverage, tobacco, alcohol, and pharmaceutical sectors, play a significant role in shaping oral health behaviors and disease patterns. The widespread availability and marketing of sugar-rich foods and beverages contribute to high rates of dental caries, while tobacco and alcohol consumption are major risk factors for periodontal disease and oral cancers. Additionally, corporate lobbying and regulatory policies impact access to preventive dental care and the affordability of oral health products. Socioeconomic disparities further exacerbate these issues, with lower-income populations facing greater exposure to unhealthy commercial influences and limited access to professional dental care. Addressing these determinants requires multi-sectoral collaboration, including stronger regulations on harmful product marketing, policies that promote affordable and accessible dental services, and increased public health education. By recognizing and mitigating the negative impact of commercial interests, policymakers and healthcare professionals can work towards reducing oral health inequities and improving population-wide dental health outcomes. A shift towards sustainable and health-promoting commercial practices is essential for fostering long-term improvements in global oral health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruxandra Sava Rosianu, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Antonia Ilin, Vanessa Bolchis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Smoking on the Progression and Management of Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth and is significantly influenced by modifiable risk factors, among which smoking plays a prominent role. Although the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health are well-documented, the specific impact of smoking intensity—measured as the number of cigarettes smoked per day—remains less clearly defined. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking intensity on the progression and clinical management of periodontal disease by comparing periodontal health parameters among three groups: heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/day), light smokers (<10 cigarettes/day), and non-smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a sample of 226 adult patients from Timișoara, Romania. Each participant underwent a comprehensive full-mouth periodontal examination assessing key parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP). Additionally, participants completed a standardized questionnaire documenting demographic data, smoking habits, and general health status. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA and Hochberg GT2 post hoc tests to identify significant differences across groups. Results: The findings revealed a clear dose-dependent relationship between smoking intensity and periodontal disease severity. Heavy smokers exhibited the most severe periodontal deterioration, with significantly greater mean PPD and CAL compared to both light smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.001). Light smokers also presented significantly worse clinical outcomes than non-smokers (p < 0.01). Interestingly, non-smokers displayed a higher incidence of bleeding on probing, likely due to smoking’s vasoconstrictive effects masking inflammatory signs. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a strong, dose-dependent negative impact of smoking on periodontal health. Even light smoking is associated with clinically significant periodontal damage, reinforcing the notion that there is no safe level of tobacco exposure for periodontal tissues. These results highlight the critical need for integrating smoking cessation programs into periodontal disease prevention and management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexandru Simerea, Delia Abrudan Luca, Lucian Floare, Octavia Balean, Ramona Dumitrescu, Vanessa Bolchis, Antonia Ilin, Atena Galuscan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Complementary Autofluorescence Imaging in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Oral Potentially Malignant Lesions: A Comparative Clinical Study
Background/Objectives: Oral cancer remains a significant global health concern, with early detection being essential for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of autofluorescence imaging as a complementary tool to conventional examination for identifying potentially malignant oral lesions. Methods: Thirty patients with clinically suspicious oral mucosal lesions were randomly assigned to two groups: one examined under conventional white light (control group), and the other using both white light and autofluorescence (experimental group). All cases were subsequently biopsied, and histopathological analysis was used as the diagnostic reference standard. Results: The autofluorescence-assisted group demonstrated a higher proportion of histologically confirmed malignancies (93.3%) compared to the control group (75.0%), suggesting greater diagnostic alignment with biopsy outcomes. Autofluorescence facilitated enhanced visualization of lesion borders and subtle mucosal changes, supporting its role in improving clinical assessment. Conclusion: Autofluorescence imaging appears to be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of suspicious oral lesions, offering better lesion detection compared to conventional examination alone. While not a substitute for biopsy, it may improve early identification and biopsy site selection. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger populations.
Oral cancer, autofluorescence imaging, adjunctive diagnosis, early detection, non-invasive diagnostic methods
Copyright (c) 2025 Doina Chioran, Octavia Balean, Ramona Dumitrescu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Adrian Moldoveanu, Antonis Perdiou, Tareq Hajaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In Vitro Assessment of Eugenol’s Impact on Human Keratinocyte (Hacat) Cell Line
Background: Oral health is one of the most concerning health problems, as it affects almost half of the worldwide population. Eugenol is an excellent natural compound when it comes to prophylactic and curative treatments for several oral problems. It has a wide spectrum, acting against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi. For this reason, it can be used in treating various dental problems, such as dental caries and periodontitis, and can be used to alleviate pain after surgical extractions. Eugenol has been tested over the years, and it has been proven to induce cytotoxic effects depending on the dosage. Methods: HaCaT cells were used to evaluate eugenol’s safety. Cell confluence, cell morphology assessment, LDH release, and average cell area measurement were analyzed at concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL after 72 hours. Results: Eugenol exhibited a mild, dose-dependent antiproliferative effect without inducing cytotoxicity. LDH release remained below 30% even at the highest concentration, and only slight reductions in average cell area and confluence were observed, with no major morphological changes. Conclusion: These findings indicate that eugenol is safe for use on healthy keratinocytes at concentrations up to 80 µg/mL. This study supports future research aimed at optimizing its therapeutic potential while minimizing adverse effects.
Keywords: dentistry, eugenol, human keratinocytes, safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ștefania Dinu, Stefania-Irina Dumitrel, Adrian Moldoveanu, Doina Chioran, Mălina Popa, Raluca Milutinovici (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Electronic Imaging Programs in Dental Practice
1.Background/Objectives: Digital radiography has continuously evolved as an innovative technology in dental imaging for nearly two decades. Digital radiography sensors are divided into: storage phosphor plates (SPPs) called photostimulable phosphor plates (PSPs), silicon devices such as charge-coupled devices (CCDs) or complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS). Digital imaging programs facilitate precise treatment planning by providing detailed images that can be easily manipulated and analyzed 2.Methods: The study period February to March 2025 with a study area of urban and peri-urban areaApproach method: 125 questionnaires were distributed to dentists practicing in urban and peri-urban area, 98 completed questionnaires were returned only 78 questionnaires remained in the study and 20 questionnaires were discarded due to incomplete completion or non-use of electronic medical imaging programs in current medical practice 3.Results: 46% of the doctors work in large private dental clinics, 40% in small private dental clinics and 14% in individual practices, Approximately 55% of respondents reported using electronic imaging programs frequently (more than 50% of the time) in the dental office on a daily basis, while 22% reported using them moderately (between 25% and 50% of the time), 12% use them always and 11% use them only occasionally (less than 25% of the time). 4.Conclusion: Electronic imaging programs offer numerous benefits, including enhanced diagnostic accuracy, more effective treatment planning, improved communication with patients, and streamlined image storage and retrieval.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dragos Bucur, Ramona Amina Popovici, Malina Popa, Stefania Dinu, Andreea Mihaela Kis, Corneliu Zeicu, Mohamed Joma, Adrian Moldoveanu, Serban Talpoș (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0