Medicine in Evolution is a recognized, peer-reviewed, open access publication dedicated to the dissemination of original theoretical research across the interdisciplinary spectrum of medicine and healthcare, encompassing a wide array of topics within the realms of human life science, medical community, dental medicine and pharmacology. Original research papers, communications, letters, short notes, case reports, and reviews are all warmly welcomed for submission. Its commitment lies in conducting thorough peer reviews, facilitating swift publication of groundbreaking research. We strongly encourage authors to present their experimental and theoretical findings with meticulous detail. The submission of theoretical papers should include comprehensive proofs to facilitate verification, while experimental papers should provide thorough experimental procedures to ensure reproducibility. Authors are also encouraged to deposit supplementary materials such as electronic files or software containing detailed calculations and experimental procedures alongside their publications. The objectives of the journal are aligned with the vision of the World Health Organization, the International Dental Federation, fitting seamlessly into the research strategy of Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara and the Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health. Topics of interest include, without being limited to, the following areas: medicine, dentistry, pharmaceutics. Detailed information about each topic can be found here. Indexing The journal is indexed by several organizations like Index Copernicus and Romanian UEFISCDI (B+).
From Biofilm to Cavity: Clinical and Microbiological Determinants of Early Childhood Caries
Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of childhood and a major, socially patterned public health problem. It is a multifactorial, biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven disease in which a dysbiotic shift of the oral microbiota toward acidogenic and acid-tolerant organisms — including Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and the yeast Candida albicans — repeatedly lowers plaque pH and shifts the balance between demineralization and remineralization toward net mineral loss. This narrative review integrates the clinical and microbiological determinants of ECC and traces the continuum leading from a dysbiotic dental biofilm to clinical cavitation. We summarize current definitions, classification and epidemiology, including data from Romania; the microbiological basis of the disease (the dental biofilm, the ecological plaque hypothesis, the roles of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida albicans, and microbiome dysbiosis); and the host, dietary and behavioral factors that modulate risk. These mechanisms are linked to clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria (dmft indices and ICDAS) and severity classification, and to implications for prevention. An integrated, ecological perspective, rather than a single-pathogen model, most coherently accounts for ECC and supports early, risk-based, family-centered and interdisciplinary prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oana Darie, Atena Galuscan, Magda Mihaela Luca, Tiberiu Hosszu, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Periodontal Diseases and Cardiovascular Health: An Analysis of Clinical and Behavioral Risk Factors
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and periodontal diseases are prelevant chronic inflammatory condition that may share common pathogenic mechanism and risk factors.This study aimed to inverstigate the relantionship between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular disoders and to evaluate the associations between oral health,cardiovascular diseases,metabolic abnormalities and lifestyle-related risk factor.A retrospective observational study was conducted on 100 adults with previously diagnosed cardiovascular diseases from ten private dental and medical clinics in Timisoara,Romania.Demographic, clinical,behavioral and oral health data were extracted from anonymized medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients.Gingivitis and periodontitis were identified in 52% and 56% of participans, respectively,while hypertension 41% and hypercholesterolemia 39% were the most prelevant cardiovascular conditions. Correlation analyses revealed predominantly weak associations between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases;however,periodontitis showed positive correlations withmyocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, whereas obesity was moreclosely associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.These findings support the concept of an oral-systemic health continuum and highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between dental and medical professionals.Larger prospective studies including standardized periodontal examination and systemic inflammatory biomarkers are needed to clarify the causal relationship between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases.
periodontal disease; periodontitis; gingivitis; cardiovascular diseases; oral-systemic health; chronic inflammation; myocardial infarction; hypertension; obesity; cardiovascular risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Delia Abrudan-Luca, Oana Gabriela Pirvu, Alexandru Olariu, Vanessa Bolchis, Ioan Alexandru Simerea, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Can Bioactivity Preserve Esthetics? Color Stability of Resin Composites Following Exposure to Everyday Beverages
1.Background/Objectives: Resin-based composites are widely used restorative materials; however, their long-term esthetic stability may be affected by exposure to commonly consumed beverages. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the color stability of a bioactive resin composite (Predicta® Bioactive Bulk Fill) and a conventional microhybrid resin composite (Filtek™ Z250 Universal Restorative) following immersion in coffee, Coca-Cola, and Nestea. 2.Methods: Forty disc-shaped specimens (n = 40) were fabricated, polished, and randomly allocated to four immersion media (distilled water, coffee, Coca-Cola, and Nestea; n = 5/group). After seven days of immersion at 37°C, color measurements were performed using a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer according to the CIE Lab* color system. Descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA were applied, with statistical significance established at p < 0.05. 3.Results: Coffee produced the greatest color alterations in both materials, resulting in the highest increases in b* values and estimated color differences. Predicta Bioactive showed consistently greater discoloration than Filtek Z250 in all immersion media. The highest estimated ΔE*ab values were recorded after coffee immersion (15.77 for Predicta Bioactive and 7.48 for Filtek Z250), followed by Nestea and Coca-Cola. 4.Conclusion: Beverage exposure significantly influenced color stability, with Predicta Bioactive showing greater discoloration than Filtek Z250 and coffee exhibiting the highest staining potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramona Dumitrescu, Lucian Floare, Doina Chioran, Oana Pirvu, Vanessa Bolchis, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Diana Florica Nica (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical Effects of Oral Probiotics on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Inflammation in Young Adults
Background/Objectives: Oral dysbiosis is recognized as a major contributing factor to the development of biofilm-associated oral diseases, including dental caries and gingivitis. Probiotics have emerged as promising adjunctive agents capable of modulating the oral microbiota and supporting oral health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a chewable multi-strain probiotic formulation on salivary pH, plaque accumulation, and gingival inflammation in healthy young adults. Methods: Thirty participants aged 18–25 years were allocated to a probiotic group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15) and monitored for 28 days. The probiotic group received chewable tablets containing *Streptococcus salivarius*, *Lactobacillus acidophilus*, *Lactobacillus plantarum*, *Lactobacillus reuteri*, and *Lactobacillus paracasei* for 14 days, followed by a 14-day washout period. Salivary pH, Plaque Index (PI), and Gingival Index (GI) were assessed at baseline, Day 14, and Day 28. Results: No significant differences in salivary pH were observed between groups throughout the study period (p > 0.05). In contrast, probiotic supplementation resulted in significantly lower PI values at Day 14 (p = 0.042) and significantly lower GI values at Day 14 (p = 0.020) and Day 28 (p = 0.033) compared with the control group. Within-group analyses also demonstrated significant reductions in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation following probiotic administration. Conclusion: Short-term supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic formulation improved plaque control and gingival health without significantly affecting salivary pH, supporting the potential role of probiotics as adjunctive tools in preventive oral healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Doina Chioran, Vanessa Bolchis, Diana Florina Nica, Octavia Balean, Lucian Floare, Oana Pirvu, Delia Abrudan-Luca (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYPOGLYCEMIC BREAD AS A NUTRITIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health challenge, requiring effective dietary strategies to improve glycemic control and metabolic outcomes. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of bakery product reformulation on nutritional composition and sensory acceptability, in the context of functional nutrition for patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders. A comparative experimental design was applied to four bread formulations: white bread (WB, control), rye bread (RB), whole grain bread (WGB), and buckwheat bread with chia seeds (BBCh). Nutritional composition was determined using indirect calculation methods, while sensory evaluation was performed using a hedonic scoring method with a semi-trained panel. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in carbohydrate content from 41.13 g/100 g in WB to 26.92 g/100 g in BBCh (−34.5%), accompanied by a substantial increase in dietary fiber content from 1.01 g/100 g in WB to 10.10 g/100 g in RB. In addition, energy value decreased from 247.09 kcal/100 g (WB) to 161.67 kcal/100 g (BBCh), indicating a more favorable metabolic profile. Sensory analysis showed high acceptability for all reformulated products, with overall scores above 4.0, confirming that compositional improvements did not compromise organoleptic properties. In conclusion, the reformulation of bakery products using whole grains, pseudocereals, and functional ingredients represents a viable and clinically relevant strategy for improving dietary quality and supporting glycemic control in diabetes management, while maintaining consumer acceptance.
diabetes mellitus; glycemic control; functional bakery products; dietary fiber; hypoglycemic bread; whole grains; pseudocereals; sensory analysis; clinical nutrition
Copyright (c) 2026 Cristian Argyelan, Angelica Moldovan , Paul Morari, Ersilia Alexa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
National Conference of Infectious Diseases 13-15 May 2026, Timișoara, România
We are pleased to present this Supplement to Volume XXXII, No. 1/2026 of the journal Medicine in Evolution, a special collection of scientific contributions dedicated to contemporary advances and ongoing challenges in the field of infectious diseases, prevention strategies, and antimicrobial therapies. This supplement brings together high-impact topics that reflect both the complexity and the dynamic evolution of modern clinical practice. The thematic focus addresses key areas of current medical interest, including therapeutic progress in HIV infection, with an emphasis on emerging approaches and future perspectives aimed at improving long-term outcomes. In parallel, the management of viral hepatitis is explored through the lens of evolving challenges and innovative therapeutic solutions. Preventive medicine is also prominently highlighted, particularly through the role of vaccination in adult populations, underscoring its critical importance in reducing disease burden and enhancing public health resilience. Furthermore, the supplement examines integrated and synergistic therapeutic strategies in the management of bacterial and fungal infections, reflecting the need for multidisciplinary approaches in the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance. A dedicated Varia section provides additional original contributions, encompassing a wide range of medical disciplines and perspectives, thereby enriching the scientific value of this issue. We gratefully acknowledge the leadership of Prof. Univ. Dr. Voichița Lăzureanu, President of the Conference, whose commitment and expertise have been essential in shaping this scientific endeavor. Our sincere appreciation also goes to Prof. Univ. Dr. Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Honorary President, whose outstanding contributions to medical research and public health continue to inspire the medical community. We hope that this supplement will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and public health specialists, fostering dialogue and advancing knowledge toward improved health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Voichita Lazureanu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fully Digital Chairside Workflow for Anterior Prosthetic Rehabilitation: From Digital Data Acquisition to Final Smile Enhancement
1.Background/Objectives: The integration of intraoral scanning, CAD/CAM technologies, and additive manufacturing has enabled the development of fully digital workflows in prosthodontics; however, their application in chairside anterior rehabilitations remains less documented. This clinical case aimed to evaluate a complete digital, chairside protocol for anterior maxillary rehabilitation, emphasizing digital planning and staged provisionalization. 2.Methods: A 50-year-old male patient with partial anterior maxillary edentulism was treated using a fully digital workflow, including intraoral and facial scanning, Digital Smile Design, CAD-based wax-up, and fabrication of 3D-printed eggshell and on-abutment provisional restorations, followed by chairside milling of monolithic zirconia fixed prostheses. 3.Results: The staged provisional approach enabled validation of esthetics and function, guided minimally invasive tooth preparation, and facilitated soft tissue conditioning. The final restorations demonstrated satisfactory marginal adaptation, occlusion, and esthetic integration, with high patient acceptance. 4.Conclusion: A fully digital, chairside workflow allowed predictable and efficient anterior rehabilitation, improving treatment control, communication, and patient involvement, supporting its clinical applicability in modern prosthodontic practice within the limitations of a single case.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrei-Bogdan Faur, Isabela Toser, Raul Nicolae Rotar, Anca-Elena Anghel-Lorinți, Anca Jivănescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Standardized Ex Vivo Photographic Assessment of Milled PMMA and DLP-Printed Single Crowns: A Comparative Study of Human Ratings and Computer-Assisted Image Analysis
Background/Objectives: Standardized photography may support the visual assessment of digitally manufactured provisional restorations, although evidence regarding its feasibility in exploratory comparisons remains limited. This ex vivo pilot study evaluated a photographic protocol for comparing a milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) crown with a digital light processing (DLP)-printed provisional-resin crown. Methods: One crown was produced by each manufacturing workflow from the same mandibular first-molar digital design. Following workflow-specific post-processing, the specimens were coded and photographed under standardized positioning, illumination, exposure, white balance, magnification, and cross-polarization. Blinded evaluators assessed overall appearance, naturalness, anatomical form, morphological detail, symmetry/harmony, and photograph-based clinical acceptability. Exploratory computer-assisted image descriptors were also used to assess edge definition and surface-texture uniformity. Results: Descriptive human ratings showed a preference for the milled specimen, particularly regarding morphological detail and surface uniformity. Computer-assisted descriptors indicated a similar direction. Because only one crown represented each manufacturing workflow, inferential comparisons and generalization to the respective manufacturing methods were not considered appropriate. Conclusions: The standardized photographic protocol was feasible for identifying visual differences between the investigated specimens. The findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation using independently manufactured crowns, multiple production batches, blinded assessment, and prespecified statistical analysis. Keywords: CAD/CAM; dental photography; digital light processing; exploratory pilot study; polymethyl methacrylate; provisional Crown; subtractive manufacturing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Boris Dusan Caplar, Vanessa Bolchis, Doina Chioran, Octavia Balean, Baranga Sergiu, Daniela Pop (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Remineralization of Enamel White Spot Lesions Using Plant-Based Agents
1.Background/Objectives: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide and results from the demineralization of dental hard tissues caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates. Early enamel lesions, known as white spot lesions (WSLs), represent the initial and potentially reversible stage of the caries process. Although fluoride is considered the gold standard for remineralization therapy, increasing attention has been directed toward natural plant-derived agents with antimicrobial and bioactive properties. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts compared with sodium fluoride on artificially induced enamel white spot lesions using laser fluorescence. 2. Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10): ginger extract, rosemary extract, and sodium fluoride varnish. Artificial enamel lesions were induced using 37.5% orthophosphoric acid. Laser fluorescence values were measured with a DIAGNOdent device at baseline (T0), after demineralization (T1), and after 10 days of remineralization treatment (T2). 3.Results: DIAGNOdent values increased after demineralization, confirming successful lesion formation, and decreased after treatment in all groups. The greatest reduction was observed in the ginger extract group. 4. Conclusion: Plant-based agents demonstrated remineralizing potential on early enamel lesions, with ginger extract showing the most promising effect as a possible complementary alternative to fluoride-based therapies
Periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, biomechanics, inflammation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanessa Bolchis, Lucian Floare, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Octavia Balean, Ramona Dumitrescu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Nozzle Diameter on the Dimensional Accuracy of FDM-Printed Dental Models
Additive manufacturing has become an integral component of the digital workflow in dentistry. Among available technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) offers a cost-effective alternative for producing dental models, although concerns remain regarding dimensional accuracy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nozzle diameter and dental arch morphology on the dimensional accuracy of FDM-printed dental models. Reference STL datasets representing ideal maxillary and mandibular arches were printed using a Bambu Lab X1 Carbon printer with two nozzle diameters (0.2 mm and 0.4 mm) in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 40). Dimensional accuracy was assessed using Root Mean Square (RMS) deviation obtained through 3D surface comparison. Models printed with the 0.2 mm nozzle demonstrated significantly lower RMS deviations compared with those printed using the 0.4 mm nozzle. Additionally, mandibular models exhibited higher dimensional stability than maxillary models. These findings indicate that smaller nozzle diameters can improve the accuracy of FDM-printed dental models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marius Ciprian Manole, Alexandru Victor Burde, Alexandru Grecu, Mihaela Hedesiu, Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dimensional Accuracy of Dental Models Printed with Different Resins Using a Low-Cost LCD 3D Printer
This in vitro study investigated the influence of resin formulation on the dimensional accuracy of dental models fabricated using a consumer-grade LCD 3D printer. Thirty full-arch models (n = 10 per group) were printed with three resins: Water-Washable, Ortho Model, and Study Model. All specimens were produced at 50 µm layer height and analyzed using an inEos X5 scanner and Geomagic Control 2014 software. Trueness was quantified using Root Mean Square (RMS) deviation values. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of resin type (F(2,27) = 9.53, p = 0.0007). The water-washable resin showed the lowest mean RMS deviation (109.0 ± 13.8 µm). All materials remained within clinically acceptable limits (<250 µm). Resin selection influences accuracy when using consumer-grade LCD printing systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexandru Victor Burde, Marius Ciprian Manole, Sorana Baciu, Sabina Gabriela Cretu, Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unilateral Focused Parathyroidectomy versus Bilateral Neck Exploration in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Retrospective Cohort Study
1.Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is cured by parathyroidectomy. Bilateral neck exploration (BNE) has been the historical standard, whereas improved preoperative imaging and intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring support unilateral focused parathyroidectomy (UFP) in selected patients. This study compared UFP and BNE. 2. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of adults undergoing initial surgery for sporadic pHPT between 2012 and 2023 with ≥6 months follow-up. Diagnosis was biochemical (hypercalcemia with inappropriately high/unsuppressed PTH). Localization used cervical ultrasound and technetium-99m sestamibi; IOPTH (Miami criterion) was used when available to confirm adequate resection and prompt conversion to wider exploration if needed. 3. Results: Of 84 operated patients, 72 met inclusion criteria (mean age 51.9±14.1 years; 77.8% female). UFP was performed as the first operation in 54 patients (75%) and BNE in 18 (25%). Pathology revealed single adenoma in 66 cases (91.7%), multiple adenomas in 3 (4.2%), and hyperplasia in 3 (4.2%). Eight patients (11.1%) required reoperation, and recurrent disease without further surgery occurred in 2 (2.8%). One patient later developed parathyroid carcinoma with bone metastasis and died. 4. Conclusions: In a cohort largely characterized by single-gland disease, UFP was the predominant approach with low clinical recurrence; BNE remained essential for non-localizing or complex disease.
Primary hyperparathyroidism; Unilateral focused parathyroidectomy; Bilateral neck exploration; Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring; Parathyroid adenoma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adina Coman, Daian Ionel Popa, Diana Utu, Florina Buleu, Mihaela Avram, Marius Murariu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Retrospective Analysis of Endodontic and Extraction Risk after Orthodontic Treatment
1.Background/Objectives: To evaluate the risk of root canal therapy and tooth extraction in anterior teeth following orthodontic treatment in adolescents. 2. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed electronic dental records of 186 patients. Permanent anterior teeth (maxillary #6–11, mandibular #22–27) were followed longitudinally. Adverse outcomes included endodontic treatment or tooth extraction. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used, with orthodontic treatment modeled as a time-dependent variable. 3. Results: The mean age at treatment initiation was 12.93 ± 1.64 years. Root canal therapy occurred in 3.0% of anterior teeth and extractions in 0.1%. Maxillary central incisors showed the highest failure rate (12.2%) and the lowest 10-year survival (82.04%). Overall survival was 99.52% at 1 year, 97.59% at 5 years, and 95.20% at 10 years. Female patients had a lower risk of adverse outcomes (HR = 0.66, p < 0.001). Orthodontic treatment did not significantly increase overall risk, although a temporary increase in root canal therapy was observed 2–3 years after treatment initiation. 4. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment in adolescents does not significantly increase severe adverse outcomes in anterior teeth, supporting its clinical safety.
Orthodontic treatment; Malocclusion; Root canal therapy; Tooth extraction; Anterior teeth; Dental trauma; Tooth survival
Copyright (c) 2026 Remus Christian Bratu, Sorana-Maria Bucur, George Popa, Dana Cristina Bratu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alveolar Bone Response to Controlled Orthodontic Maxillary Incisor Vestibularization
1.Background/Objectives: Orthodontic proclination of retroclined maxillary incisors is frequently required for functional and esthetic correction; however, excessive movement may exceed the biological limits of the alveolar housing and compromise periodontal health. Understanding alveolar bone remodeling in response to controlled incisor vestibularization is essential for safe orthodontic planning. This study aimed to evaluate changes in labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness (ABT) assocoated with maxillary incisor proclination and to correlate these changes with dental movements and skeletal stability. 2.Methods: Nineteen patients presenting with retroclined maxillary incisors underwent orthodontic treatment involving controlled incisor vestibularization. Cephalometric and CBCT-derived measurements were standardized using the SN–7° reference plane and perpendicular orientation to the incisor long axis (⊥U1). ABT was assessed at the cementoenamel junction, 3 mm, and 6 mm apical levels on both labial and lingual surfaces. Dental and skeletal parameters including U1–SN, U1–NA, L1–NB, and SN–MP were recorded pre- and post-treatment. Paired statistical comparisons were performed. 3. 3. Results: Maxillary incisor proclination increased significantly, as demonstrated by substantial rises in U1–SN and U1–NA values. Labial alveolar bone thickness showed significant increases at mid-root and apical levels, indicating adaptive bone apposition on the tension side. In contrast, lingual ABT decreased significantly at corresponding levels, reflecting pressure-side resorption. No significant changes were observed in skeletal parameters, confirming predominantly dentoalveolar effects. Crestal bone thickness remained stable, suggesting a low periodontal risk. 4. Conclusions: Controlled vestibularization of retroclined maxillary incisors induces predictable alveolar remodeling characterized by labial bone apposition and lingual resorption without compromising skeletal balance or crestal periodontal support. When performed within biological limits, incisor proclination appears to be a safe and effective orthodontic strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sorana-Maria Bucur, Dana Cristina Bratu, Remus Christian Bratu, Mariana Păcurar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biomechanical Strategies and Compliance Monitoring for Orthodontic Treatment in Periodontally Compromised Adults
Background: Orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced periodontal support requires interdisciplinary sequencing and strict plaque control; however, heterogeneity of periodontal phenotypes, biomechanics, and adjunctive therapies makes standardized clinical outcome evaluation challenging. This study therefore prioritised clinical compliance and cooperation as key modifiable determinants of safe treatment delivery. Objective: To assess patient cooperation during late active orthodontic therapy and clinical compliance during early retention in adults with stage I–II periodontitis. Materials and methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in 25 adults (17 women, 8 men; 29–51 years) diagnosed with stage I–II periodontitis. Following periodontal stabilisation (non-surgical therapy in all cases; adjunctive periodontal surgery in 12%), orthodontic treatment was delivered using individualised, low-force biomechanics with periodic periodontal monitoring. Cooperation was assessed using the Orthodontic Patient Cooperation Scale (OPCS). Compliance during retention was assessed using a Clinical Compliance Evaluation (CCE) form at 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after transition to retention. Non-parametric tests were used to compare timepoints and sex-based differences. Results: Women showed higher compliance scores for motivation/enthusiasm and fewer complaints about wearing appliances. CCE total scores improved significantly from T1 to T2 (86.20±14.73 vs 96.20±2.96; p=0.001), with a concurrent improvement in the oral hygiene subscore (23.12±1.64 vs 23.60±0.82; p=0.010). Conclusions: Structured compliance monitoring can support adherence during retention in periodontitis-susceptible adults undergoing orthodontic treatment. Larger controlled studies integrating standardised periodontal endpoints are required to clarify how compliance trajectories translate into long-term periodontal stability and orthodontic outcomes.
periodontitis, orthodontic treatment, patient compliance, cooperation, retention, interdisciplinary care
Copyright (c) 2026 Irina Zumbreanu, Valentina Trifan, Sorana Nicoleta Roșu , Daniela Trifan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Skeletal Class II Malocclusions with Different Vertical Growth Patterns on the Upper Airway
1.Background/Objectives: Considering the clinical relevance of malocclusion in dentistry, the main objective of this study is to assess the changes in the upper airway dimensions in patients with skeletal Class II and a normodivergent growth pattern compared with those with skeletal Class II and a hyperdivergent growth pattern.2.Methods: This observational comparative study was conducted on lateral cephalograms and cephalometric analyses of 52 subjects obtained at the Dentavis imaging center in Timișoara. The sample was divided into two groups of n=25 and n=27 subjects, respectively: Group 1 included subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a normodivergent growth pattern, whereas Group 2 comprised subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a hyperdivergent growth pattern. 3.Results: In Group 2, the mean length of the upper pharyngeal airway was 3.68 mm smaller than the corresponding mean value in Group 1 (p<0.001), indicating that subjects with skeletal Class II and a hyperdivergent vertical growth pattern present a significantly more constricted upper pharyngeal airway compared with those with skeletal Class II and a normodivergent pattern. 4.Conclusion: Initiating orthodontic treatment would modify the cephalometric measurements and mandibular rotation, leading to an increase in upper airway dimensions and an improvement in respiratory function.
Upper pharyngeal airways, class II malocclusions, vertical growth pattern
Copyright (c) 2025 Mălina Popa, Ștefania Dinu, Cristina-Fulga Lazăr, Andreea Igna, Robert-Paul Avrămuț, Roxana-Maria Talpoș-Niculescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Icon Resin Infiltration and Clinpro XT Varnish on the Remineralization of Enamel White Spot Lesions: An in Vitro Study
1.Background: The aim of this research is to investigate microscopically the behavior of two materials, Clinpro XT Varnish and Icon Vestibular, on the surfaces of teeth with chalky white lesions induced by 37% phosphoric acid. Microscopic evaluation is performed based on different degrees of penetration and infiltration. 2.Methods: The materials tested in this study were Icon – Vestibular DMG (LOT 281473) and 3M ESPE Clinpro XT – Varnish (LOT 9703392).3.Results: Phosphoric acid demineralizes the superficial enamel layer, exposing prisms and hydroxyapatite crystals, and generating a rough surface with uniform etching patterns visible at different magnifications, which favor the adhesion of restorative materials. The use of the infiltrant resin Icon fills microcracks and interprismatic spaces, integrating the enamel prisms into a compact, smooth mass that stabilizes the enamel structure and prevents the progression of demineralization. SEM images show that the varnish forms a thin, relatively uniform film on the enamel, but with small discontinuities and uncovered areas, indicating a less effective seal and protection compared with Icon. 4.Conclusion: The integration of materials such as Icon and fluoride varnishes makes it possible to postpone invasive restorative treatments and is particularly useful in the management of white spots, while maintaining the structural integrity of the teeth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sorana Nicoleta Rosu, Ioan Alexandru Simerea, Malina Popa, Anamaria Matichescu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Internal Fit of Cobalt–Chromium Metal–Ceramic Crowns Fabricated by Conventional Casting and Selective Laser Sintering: An In Vitro Comparison of Three Measurement Techniques
1.Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the internal fit of cobalt-chromium metal-ceramic single crowns fabricated through conventional casting versus selective laser sintering (SLS), and to determinate the relative accuracy of three internal space measurement techniques. 2.Methods: A standardized CAD design of a maxillary first molar was used to create two metal frameworks, one produced by was-pattern milling followed by casting and the other by SLS. Internal fit was assessed before and after ceramic firing using methods: differential micrometer measurements on frameworks with and without impression material, direct micrometer readings of detached silicons replicas, and digital microscopy of sectioned silicone specimens. 3.Results: All methods revealed measurable differences in internal adaptation between the cast and SLS crown. Digital microscopy offered the highest precision and consistency, while micrometer-based techniques showed greater operator- dependent variability and were influenced by the elastic behaviour of the silicone impression material. Ceramic firing did not introduce clinically relevant changes in internal space. 4. Conclusions: Within the limitation of the study, conventionally cast frameworks demonstrated a more favourable internal fit than SLS frameworks, and digital microscopy proved to be the most reliable method for evaluating internal adaptation in metal-ceramic crowns.
metal-ceramic crowns; internal fit; CAD/CAM, prosthodontics; selective laser sintering
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela-Maria Pop, Lucian Floare, Delia Abrudan-Luca, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Tareq Hajaj, Boris Dusan Caplar, Lavinia Simona Florea, Cristian Zaharia, Doina Chioran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Redefining Digital Precision: How Scanning Technique Shapes the Quality of Intraoral Impressions
Abstract Background/Objectives: Digital dentistry increasingly relies on intraoral scanners to capture full-arch impressions, yet the influence of scanning technique on the accuracy and efficiency of digital models remains insufficiently clarified. This study compared several scanning strategies—varying in segmentation and scanner motion patterns—to determine which protocols yield the highest precision and operational efficiency. Methods: Ten participants underwent full-arch intraoral scanning using seven techniques that combined different segment divisions (one, two, or three segments) with motion types (linear, zig-zag, or combined). Accuracy was assessed by superimposing STL files of each scan onto a reference model using CloudCompare and calculating point-to-point 3D deviations. Efficiency was evaluated based on the number of digital images generated and the total scanning time measured by software and a stopwatch. Results: For the maxillary arch, the most accurate technique was a single-segment zig-zag scan; for mandibular arch accuracy, it was a two-segment linear approach. The motion that produced the shortest scanning time was zig-zag, while that which required the least number of digital records was the two-segment linear scan. Combined-motion and three-segment strategies had the lowest accuracy as well as efficiency. Conclusions: Scanning techniques employing single uniform motion with minimum segmentation provide the best balance between accuracy and efficiency. Over-segmentation along with combined motions reduces the quality of the scan and increases the duration for scanning, thereby emphasizing a simple yet consistent path in clinical practice.
accuracy; CloudCompare; digital dentistry; efficiency; full-arch scan; intraoral scanner; scanning strategy; 3D analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Camelia-Alexandrina Szuhanek, Iana Grigoreac, Andra-Alexandra Stăncioiu, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Sorana Rosu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
3D Facial Scanning Technologies - Comparative Analysis of Three Modern Three-Dimensional Acquisition Systems
1.Background: Three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning technologies have advanced rapidly, offering new possibilities for clinical, engineering, and educational applications. However, performance varies substantially across mobile, portable, and professional systems, and a direct comparison using standardized acquisition protocols is essential for determining their suitability in medical practice. 2.Methods: Eight healthy adults (20–25 years old) were scanned using three technologies representing different levels of complexity: the iPhone LiDAR sensor with Qlone, the CR-Scan Ferret structured-light scanner, and the professional ProMax 3D Mid ProFace system. All participants were scanned under controlled conditions, maintaining identical positioning and acquisition procedures. Raw data were processed using each system’s dedicated software and analyzed comparatively with respect to geometric accuracy, texture quality, model completeness, artifacts, processing workflow, and cost–performance ratio. 3.Results: The iPhone LiDAR system produced the least accurate models, characterized by surface discontinuities, loss of fine anatomical detail, and low-resolution texture. The CR-Scan Ferret achieved higher geometric fidelity and more coherent color mapping but remained sensitive to lighting conditions and operator stability. The ProMax 3D Mid ProFace system generated the most complete, consistent, and photorealistic models, with minimal artifacts and fully automated processing. These differences reflect the technological capabilities of each device category. 4.Conclusions: The findings confirm that no single scanning technology is universally optimal. Mobile systems are suitable for rapid, non-clinical, or educational applications; portable structured-light scanners offer a balance between accuracy and accessibility; and professional systems remain the gold standard for advanced clinical environments requiring high precision.
3D facial scanning; LiDAR; structured light scanning; ProMax 3D Mid ProFace; CR-Scan Ferret; photogrammetry; 3D reconstruction; medical imaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raluca Todor, Tareq Hajaj, Cristian Zaharia, Doina Chioran, Cristina Modiga Modiga, Emanuela Lidia Petrescu, Meda-Lavinia Negrutiu, Cosmin Sinescu, Andreea-Codruta Novac Novac (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Mouthwashes on Biofilm Formed on Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol–Based Orthodontic Template Aligner Materials
Orthodontic template aligners used for attachment bonding are thermoformed polymeric materials that may act as vectors for microbial contamination despite their short intraoral use. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of seven mouthwash solutions on biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans on a polyethylene terephthalate glycol–based template aligner material. After 24 h biofilm formation, samples were exposed to the tested mouthwashes for 1 min and microbial viability was assessed by optical density measurements. The solution containing fluoride and cetylpyridinium chloride showed the highest antibacterial activity, while the essential oil–based formulation exhibited the strongest antifungal effect. In contrast, fluoride-only solutions showed reduced efficacy, and one plant-based formulation demonstrated a slight stimulatory effect on Candida albicans. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial performance of mouthwashes on template aligner materials depends primarily on their chemical composition rather than fluoride content alone.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlad-Tiberiu Alexa, Stefania Dinu, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Victor Emil Alexa, Ramona Dumitrescu, Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Atena Galuscan, Sorana Nicoleta Roșu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accuracy of CEREC Shade Analysis and Lightroom-Based Photographic Evaluation Compared with a Spectrophotometer: A Pilot In Vivo Study
Accurate shade determination remains a key factor in the esthetic success of fixed restorations. This pilot in vivo study evaluated the accuracy of dental color assessment performed by two digital methods—CEREC Shade Analysis and Lightroom-based analysis of calibrated intraoral photographs—compared with a spectrophotometric reference (Vita Easyshade Compact). Four healthy volunteers (80 teeth) were evaluated at the cervical, middle, and incisal thirds, and measured using Vita Classical, Vita 3D-Master, and CIELAB systems. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used for spectrophotometer–CEREC comparison, and an unequal variance t-test was used for spectrophotometer–Lightroom comparison (α = 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between CEREC and Vita Easyshade in all regions except the middle third of the Vita Classical system (p = 0.76). Lightroom-based analysis showed clinically relevant deviations for L* and a* (p < 0.001), while b* values were comparable (p = 0.24). Within the limitations of this pilot study, both CEREC and Lightroom analysis demonstrated lower accuracy than spectrophotometry. These findings suggest that digital shade detection methods may be useful as adjunctive tools but currently require spectrophotometric verification for definitive color selection in restorative dentistry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cezar Lăzărescu, Smaranda Buduru, Marius Negucioiu, Andreea Kui, Roxana Buzatu, Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Histological Analysis of Normal and Supernumerary Teeth: Clinical and Morphological Implications
This study aims to highlight the histological differences between normal (temporary and permanent) teeth and supernumerary teeth by analyzing enamel, the pulpo-dentin complex, and cementum. Through comparative microscopy of prepared histological slides, the research identifies microstructural peculiarities that may support a better understanding of the development, diagnosis, and management of dental number anomalies. This study involved histological analysis of 12 permanent preparations obtained from supernumerary, temporary, and permanent teeth, aiming to highlight the microstructural differences between normal and supernumerary dentition. Clinical cases and laboratory protocols, including decalcification, paraffin embedding, microtomy, and hematoxylin-eosin staining, allowed detailed observation of enamel prism organization, dentin tubule arrangement, and cementum characteristics. Histological comparison revealed that supernumerary teeth exhibit significant structural deviations, including atypical enamel prism orientation, reduced dentinal tubule density with frequent interglobular spaces, and a poorly differentiated cementum. These anomalies suggest incomplete mineralization and altered tissue development, potentially linked to the frequent impaction and limited functional integration of supernumerary teeth. Supernumerary teeth, although not pathological entities per se, can disrupt the harmony of the dento-maxillary system, affecting eruption, bone development, and dental aesthetics. Histologically, they exhibit morpho-structural hypodifferentiation, with disorganized enamel, reduced dentinal tubules, and imprecise cementum stratification, indicating a lower functional potential. These findings support the importance of histological evaluation in treatment planning and justify a conservative, individualized therapeutic approach based on both structural integrity and functional prognosis.
Supernumerary teeth;Histological analysis;Mineralization defects;Dento-maxillary anomalies
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinu Ștefania , Laura-Cristina Rusu, Iulia Muntean, Șerban Talpoș Niculescu , Dorin Cristian Dinu, Diana- Nicoleta Gheața, Diana Florina Nica, Cristina Fulga Lazăr, Mălina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of Oral Hygiene Products and Their Impact on Oral Health
1.Background/Objectives: Oral hygiene plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance within the oral cavity. Salivary pH is a key functional marker, closely linked to enamel demineralization–remineralization dynamics and microbial homeostasis. The study aimed to compare the influence of two oral hygiene regimens-using Elmex Anti-Caries Professional toothpaste alone versus its combination with alcohol-free Listerine Coolmint mouthwash-on salivary pH values in young adults. 2.Methods: A controlled crossover design was applied to 30 participants aged 20–30 years. Saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions at 30 minutes and 2 hours after toothbrushing with Elmex toothpaste (Day 1) and after toothbrushing followed by mouthrinse with Listerine Coolmint (Day 2). Salivary pH was assessed using the Saliva Check Buffer kit, which provides semi-quantitative values in 0.5-unit intervals. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.3.Results: Toothbrushing alone maintained salivary pH mostly in the physiological range of 6.5–7.0, while the combined regimen produced a significant alkalinizing effect, with values shifting towards 7.0–7.5 at both time points. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between the two protocols (p < 0.001).4.Conclusion: The combined use of fluoridated toothpaste and alcohol-free antiseptic mouthwash enhances salivary pH stability compared with toothbrushing alone, supporting remineralization and reducing acidogenic bacterial activity. These findings provide evidence-based support for integrating complementary oral hygiene products into daily preventive protocols, especially in young adults at increased risk for caries.
Salivary pH, Oral hygiene, Fluoride toothpaste, Mouthwash
Copyright (c) 2025 Iulia Muntean, Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ștefania Dinu, Șerban Talpoș Niculescu, Daniela Trotea (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Oral Health on Quality of Life in Young Adults: A Public Health Perspective
1.Background/Objectives: Oral health plays an increasingly vital role in overall health and well-being. 2.Methods: This cross-sectional design evaluated the impact of oral health on quality of life in adolescents and young adults. The study was conducted using a validated psychometric tool — the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) questionnaire — which captures the self-perceived effect of oral conditions on various daily functions. Participants were recruited from a general adolescent and young adult population via online distribution channels. The target demographic included individuals aged approximately 14–25 years, either attending secondary school or university. The survey was administered using Google Forms platform, ensuring accessibility across various devices. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and anonymity was guaranteed. Submission of the completed form was considered an expression of informed consent, in accordance with ethical research standards. Collected data were processed using Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics determined central tendency (mean, median), dispersion (standard deviation, range), and item-specific frequency distributions. 3.Results: The study included a total of 76 participants, aged between 14 and 25 years. All participants completed the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) questionnaire. Each respondent rated the frequency of 15 oral health-related impacts on a 0–4 scale. The mean OIDP Score among the group was 11.37, with scores ranging from 1 to 30, indicating a moderate burden of oral health on daily life activities across the sample. The difference between the psychosocial and appearance domains was the only one reaching statistical significance, suggesting that aesthetic and emotional concerns may affect participants differently and deserve further study in a larger sample. 4.Conclusion: the findings from this study emphasize the importance of viewing oral health through a biopsychosocial lens, especially in adolescent and young adult populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Vlad Alexa, Vanessa Bolchis, Delia Abrudan Luca, Lucian Floare, Malina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond The White Smile: In Vitro Insights into Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching by Confocal Microscopy
1.Background/Objectives: Tooth bleaching with carbamide peroxide (CP) is one of the most common aesthetic procedures in modern dentistry, yet its effects on enamel ultrastructure remain a matter of concern. This in vitro study aimed to qualitatively assess microstructural changes in human enamel following in-office bleaching with two professional CP formulations—Opalescence Quick 45% and Pola Office+ 37.5%—in accordance with ISO 28399:2021 guidelines. 2.Methods: Forty extracted human molars and premolars were sectioned to obtain paired specimens, with one half treated and the other serving as control. Bleaching protocols were performed under standardized conditions, and samples were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM) with three-dimensional reconstruction to evaluate enamel prism organization, porosity, and dentinal tubule exposure. 3.Results: Both agents induced morphological alterations, including partial prism disorganization, increased porosity, and widening of interprismatic spaces. Opalescence Quick, with its higher CP concentration, produced more pronounced structural effects compared with Pola Office+, which exhibited a more moderate impact. Despite these changes, enamel integrity was not severely compromised. 4.Conclusion: These findings suggest that carbamide peroxide bleaching can be considered safe when performed under professional supervision, particularly when complemented with remineralizing strategies. Future studies should investigate long-term effects and interactions with restorative materials under clinical conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Ramona Dumitrescu, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Octavia Balean, Atena Galuscan, Malina Popa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Salivary Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Dental Patients: A Pilot Study on Clinical and Behavioral Risk Correlates
Background/Objective: Oral infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a growing etiological factor in oropharyngeal cancer, often affecting individuals without traditional risk factors. Dentists may contribute to early detection through salivary screening and behavioral risk assessment. This pilot study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral HPV infection and its association with clinical and lifestyle variables in dental patients. Methods: Thirty adult patients attending routine dental visits were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Each underwent clinical oral examination, behavioral risk assessment (including smoking, alcohol use, and sexual history), and provided an unstimulated saliva sample. HPV DNA detection was performed using PCR, with genotyping for HPV16 and HPV18. Associations between HPV positivity and variables were analyzed using univariate tests and logistic regression. Results: HPV DNA was identified in 6 patients (20%), with high-risk genotypes detected in most cases. HPV positivity was associated with current smoking, poor oral hygiene, oral sexual practices, and presence of suspicious mucosal lesions. Logistic regression revealed oral lesions (OR = 19.17) and poor hygiene (OR = 7.00) as independent predictors. ROC analysis showed high model discrimination (AUC = 1.00). Conclusion: Salivary testing is feasible in dental settings and may assist in identifying patients at elevated risk for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. Integrating behavioral screening and salivary diagnostics in dentistry could improve early referral and prevention strategies. Larger studies are needed to refine predictive algorithms for routine use.
oral human papillomavirus (HPV); salivary diagnostics; oropharyngeal cancer; dental screening;
Copyright (c) 2025 Adela Hiller, George Andrei Drăghici , Cosmin Sinescu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties in Contemporary Prosthetic Dental Materials: Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Hybrid Composites
Background/Objective: The choice of dental prosthesis material necessitates consideration of the compromise between strength, esthetics and long-term durability. Speakers claim that monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, and hybrid composites are the most popular materials with different mechanical and clinical properties. The present study was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of these three materials in vitro by standardised procedures in relation to seven factors important for prosthodontic use. Methods: Ninety rectangular specimens (n = 30 per group) were prepared from monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, and a CAD/CAM hybrid composite. The samples were tested for flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers microhardness, wear, surface roughness, fatigue survival (1.5 million cycles) and marginal adaptation. ​). For reliability of zirconia, the Weibull modulus (m = 14.2) was shown to be higher than the hybrid group. Conclusion: All three materials provide specific clinical benefits. Zirconia is best suited for rear and high-stool restorations, lithium dislikes for anterior and asthetic operated cases, and hybrid composite for temporary or minimal invasive applications. Understanding the mechanical behavior of each material is necessary for evidence-based artificial decision making and improvement in long-term clinical results.
zirconia, lithium disilicate, hybrid composite
Copyright (c) 2025 Sorin Gheorghe Mihali, Adela Hiller (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Internal Thoracic Artery: An Anatomical Narrative Review
The internal thoracic artery (ITA) is a paired vessel originating from the first part of the subclavian artery, descending along the inner thoracic wall in close relation to the sternum. Owing to its reliable caliber, predictable course, and favorable long-term patency, the ITA plays a critical role in both clinical anatomy and surgical practice, particularly in coronary artery bypass grafting. This review synthesizes current anatomical knowledge of the ITA, emphasizing its origin, course, branching patterns, and collateral circulation. Variations in its trajectory, branching morphology, and termination are examined in detail, along with rare anomalies such as duplication and complete absence. Surgical relevance is addressed, with a focus on harvesting techniques, the impact of competitive flow, and strategies to manage side branches. Nomenclature is briefly discussed, noting the adoption of “internal thoracic artery” as the primary term. By integrating findings from cadaveric, radiological, and surgical studies, this review highlights the anatomical variability of the ITA and its implications for thoracic, cardiovascular, and reconstructive procedures. Understanding these variations is essential for optimizing surgical outcomes and reducing perioperative complications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Răzvan-Costin Tudose, Andreea Treteanu, Mugurel Constantin Rusu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Implications of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives in Cancer
1.Background/Objectives: Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) are widely used by women during their fertile years. Often, these pills are taken without medical advice, which can lead to certain unwanted effects. This class of medication has been studied over the years for its impact on various types of cancer. Since cancer is becoming an increasingly common condition, understanding the factors that contribute to its development is important for prevention. 2. Methods: This paper reviews recent literature from reputable sources such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. 3. Results: The review of the medical literature reported evidence about the risk of CHCs in developing breast and cervical cancer, and more, about the protective effect on ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. 4. Conclusion: This paper presents the risk/benefit balance of CHCs in terms of their impact on some cancerous pathologies. According to the analysis, we can state that CHCs are effective and even safe if administered appropriately and according to the recommendations of specialists, depending on the particularities of each patient.
Copyright (c) 2025 Florina Borozan, Alexandra Semenescu, Larisa Tomescu, Ioan Sas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0